Social Disorganization Theory And Cultural Deviance Theory

As criminologist continue research on the sociological theories as it relates to the social structure, social process and the impact of social life. There is still room to compare and contrast the social structure theories that include social disorganization theory, strain theories and cultural deviance theory. The social disorganization theory was first referenced with the displacement among immigrants. Scholars believed this was due to the immigrants inability to transfer norms and values from their first homes in the old country to the new culture. It was the ideology and values along with the competition for dominance of the concepts and beliefs that became the foundation for the ecological perspective. The environmental perspective†¦show more content†¦The concept was known as defensible space. It was at a conference where police officers, criminologists, and architects met and discussed crime concerns specifically in public housing which progressed into changes in desi gn that will enhance barriers, clarify boundaries and reduce the chances for criminals to decrease the risk of crime in the nucleus of high crime neighborhoods. In the social structure theory the strain principle is addressed. It deals with the pressure that individuals encounter when attempting to reach socially determined goals (Schmalleger, 2012). In the field of criminology the strain theory is associated with resulting to deviant behavior as a way to solve the frustrations of social environment. The term anomie was used by Robert Merton in the strain theory as the condition and single encounter when the means to achieve goals are limited to particular groups. However anomie was first introduced by Emile Durkheim in 1897. Durkheim associated the term anomie and normlessness or deregulation which progresses to deviant behavior, because of decreased proper control over actions. These practices cause people to struggle with their position in society and making adjustments to life ( Schmalleger, 2012). Merton expounded on the anomie concept where individuals who can achieve these goals and do not have theShow MoreRelatedThe Social Disorganization Theory Of Crime1141 Words   |  5 Pages One of the most important and well-studied criminological theories intended to explain and predict crime rates is social disorganization theory (Sampson 2012). The social disorganization theory of crime was originally articulated by Shaw and McKay (1942) to explain differences in neighborhood crime rates among juvenile delinquents in concentric zones in the Chicago metropolitan area. They found that some areas had consistently high crime rates and juvenile arrests over time despite population changesRead MoreWhat Deviance Is Today s Society Essay1081 Words   |  5 PagesWhat defines deviance in today’s society? Is it the abnormal things that people don’t usually do or is it just criminal behavior? Deviance has brought up many questions on what could be defined as it. Deviance is usually shaped by society. It can be defined as the violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law (OpenStax 142). Sociologist want to see why deviance has so many different areas and how it effects a group in a s ociety. For exampleRead MoreSocial Theories: Gang Violence1704 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Social Theories: How It Relates to Gangs Gang Violence By Stuart Brown Criminology is a complex subject chock-full of theories that attempt to explain crime and criminal behavior. Each base theory has several branches of theory which expand upon and compliment their predecessors. Even some of the sub-theories have branches of theories. This paper is going to discuss two social theories; social structure and social process. It is also going to cover someRead MoreDeviant Behavior And Deviant Behaviour Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of deviant behavior Deviant behavior is described as acts or individual characters that are contrary to social norms. These behaviors are usually against set rule or authority laws. Individuals expressing deviant behavior violate norms and rules other members of the society and are accustomed to or abide by. Deviant behavior is found to undergone change over time in the history of human civilization. Ability to predict another person’s behavior makes social life comfortable and bearableRead Morere various reasons behind young people joining street gangs. One of the reasons young people800 Words   |  4 Pagesreasons young people join street gangs is because of neighborhood disadvantages. A theory that can contribute to why young people might join street gangs is Social Disorganization Theory. Social Disorganization theory assumes that â€Å"delinquency emerges in neighborhoods where neighborhood relation and social institutions have broken down and can no longer maintain effective social controls (Bell, 2007).† Social Disorganization contributes to residential instability and poverty, which affects interpersonalRead MoreWhy Young People Join Gangs819 Words   |  4 Pagesreasons young people join street gangs is because of neighborhood disadvantages. A theory that can contribute to why young people might join street gangs is Social Disorganization Theory. Social Disorganization theory assumes that â€Å"delinquency emerges in neighborhoods where neighborhood relation and social institutions have broken down and can no lo nger maintain effective social controls (Bell, 2007).† Social Disorganization contributes to residential instability and poverty, which affects interpersonalRead MoreWhy People Commit The Crime Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesCriminological theory is the explanation of criminal behavior, as well as the behavior of juveniles, attorneys, prosecutors, judges, correctional personnel, victims, and other actors in the criminal justice process. Criminological theory is important because most of what is done in criminal justice is based on criminological theory, whether we or the people who propose and implement policies based on the theory know it or not. In criminology, examining why people commit the crime is very importantRead MoreSocial Constructionism Theory And The Anomie And Strain Theory Essay1833 Words   |  8 PagesMy paper addresses the subject of the social structure theory and some of its subparts. My main focuses were on the social disorganization theory and the anomi e and strain theory. However, I did touch on some of the strategies of the ecological theory and the elements of the cultural deviance theory. In order to write this paper I read up on the material in our class textbook and in my social deviance textbook. I also found three web articles from Academic Search Premiere on the school’s databaseRead MoreFactor Affecting the Presence of Crime in Inner Cities of America788 Words   |  4 Pagessingle theory, it is possible to recognize the characteristics within society that have traditionally been associated with crime. These include poor neighborhoods, weak family structures and high rates of unemployment. However, they cannot be used to explain overarching mechanisms of extremely high rates of American urban crime today. Social structures as well as cultural conditions play strong explanatory roles in describing the causes of crime in American cities. Some prominent social structuralRead MoreSocial Structure And Social Proc esses Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesSOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL PROCESS 5 Environmental influences, socialization, and traditional and accepted patterns of behavior are all used by social structuralists to portray the criminal as a product of his or social environment (Siegel, 2000). There are three types of social structure theories. First, Disorganization theory describes conflict, change and the lack of consensus, as the main cause of deviance and crime. During the 1900’s some of the communities that were prospering could

A Cardiologist At The Southeastern Pennsylvania University

A cardiologist at the Southeastern Pennsylvania University Hospital by the name of Alan Kendricks had recently been promoted as medical director. Within this new promotion, he brought with him great change. The medical director before Alan had a laissez-faire approach, while Alan had a more interactive approach to leading. Although Alan came with great credentials, the medical staff Alan was now in charge of was timid of this new change. A few employees who were not too keen on the new changes, abandoned ship once they heard of the change in leadership and the changes that were about to come. Alan brought many changes to the table, with those many changes, came great trials. Employees were not receptive to their new leader and his†¦show more content†¦Of the many changes Alan was making within the organization, it seemed there were many employees who were resistant to those changes. These employees were not accustomed to the type of structure Alan was wanting to put in place. Alan, immediately noticing the direct resistance, would sit back and ponder the ways he could become more influential. Alan had identified the fact that he needed to improve employee moral overall. There were doctors who had self-entitlement issues and those who felt seniority or patient volumes were enough to get whatever they pleased. Doctors were also not excited with the implementation of the new electronic medical records system. However, nurses were content with the idea that this new implementation now allowed them to focus on other important matters such as better patient care (Groysberg, Kaftan McCalla, 2007). Opportunities/Suggestions/Tactics â€Å"If we understand change better, we will be able to influence (but not control) it for the better† (Fullan, 2014). When change in a culture is in effect, the organizational culture tends to be unsettled. This may seem like an inopportune time for our staff to be unsettled, but this is the best opportunity to identify and create breakthroughs (Fullan, 2014). When analyzing the structure for a change initiative, strategic planning must first take place. What problems are foreseen or obvious? Are thereShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesIntroduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition RoxyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

The Narrator Free Essays

The first person point of view adds to the suspense by showing us the thoughts and feeling of the narrator(James). â€Å"I said little, for I felt uneasy. There was something unnatural, uncanny, in meeting this man. We will write a custom essay sample on The Narrator or any similar topic only for you Order Now † The narrative tells us that he feels uneasy about meeting the man. He feels as if it is unnatural about meeting Mr. Atkinson. The narrator is uncertain and uncomfortable about what is happening. â€Å"I began to draw. So intent was I on my work†¦ The final result, for a hurried sketch†¦ It showed a criminal in the dock immediately after the judge had pronounced sentence†¦ He turned round as he heard my steps and I stopped short. It was the man I had been drawing, whose portrait lay in my pocket.† The author uses figurative language to reinforce why the narrator is uneasy about what is happening. The author uses foreshadowing to help the readers understand why the narrator feels uneasy. He feels uneasy because he has drawn a man that he has never seen before, and now that very man is sitting in front of him. â€Å"I tried at first to persuade myself that I had seen him before, that his face, unknown to me, had found a place in some out-of-the-way corner of my memory, but I knew that I was practising little more than a plausible piece of self-deception.† This piece of evidence it shows that the narrator is uncertain about what is happening and is trying to convince himself that he had seen this man before. Also later on in the text it states, â€Å"For some time I sat in silence. Then a cold shudder ran down my spine. I asked him where he had seen the name.† This also supports that the author was uncertain and uncomfortable about the situation. â€Å"I have had what I believe to be the most remarkable day in my life,† The narrator uses foreshadowing to help the theme of the story. We know that the day was a remarkable one but what made it that way. The theme of this story is fate. â€Å"I rolled up the sketch, and without quite knowing why, placed it in my pocket†¦ A sudden impulse made me enter.† This supports the theme because it reveals how the narrator acts without knowing why. This suggests that that he acts upon decisions that are not his. This supports the theme of fate because what he does is determined ahead of time by something other than himself. â€Å"‘Oh, I didn’t see it anywhere,’ replied Mr. Atkinson. ‘I wanted some name, and I put down the first that came into my head’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mr. Atkinson says that he did not know or have a reason for using the narrators name. That it just popped into his head, even though he has never heard it before. This very innocent and random act supports the theme is fate because it supports that there is something stronger than Mr. Atkinson’s free will that is controlling what he does and the situation. It also states in the text, â€Å"‘The best thing we can do,’ he continued, ‘is for you to stay here till twelve o’clock. We’ll go upstairs and smoke; it may be cooler inside.’ To my surprise I agreed.† This supports the theme because the other does not know why he says yes. It is something bigger than them both that is controlling what they do. How to cite The Narrator, Papers

Exploring Value of Project Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Exploring Value of Project Management. Answer: Introduction: I had discussed my roles and responsibilities into the project as an engineer. Mir and Pinnington (2014) stated that an engineer is involved into profession work to relate science to best possible translation of resources of nature in order to provide benefits to the team members. In the project, my role is an engineer. My main responsibilities are to first understand the purpose as well as objectives of this project work. I had worked according to the project timescales and in scheduled cost. I had produced the project deliverables to being agreed with project specifications. I had developed of new technological solutions to overcome with the project issues. Therefore, I had to lead the project work with use of my technical knowledge and skills. During the engineering design process, my responsibility is to define the project related problems, conduct research and analyze the solutions (Dolce Di Bucci 2014). I had applied techniques of engineering analysis to test, produce and maintain the project work. When a project failed, I had determined the causes of failure and test the project output to continue with its quality. I had involved into responsibility to develop the project results for useful purposes. I had contributed towards successful interaction and towards constructive motivation (Verzuh 2015). As for example, I had developed the objectives of the project by review of the project proposal and plan. I had identified my engineering responsibilities by identification of project phases with review of the bids from the contractors. My roles and responsibilities as an engineer are related with the concepts into Trevelyan textbook. In this book, it is analyzed that an engineer is acted as a leader into the project with technical role with no management responsibilities. As a leader, it is required to understand project requirements and then the engineer can inspire others to work into it. The engineer can demonstrate its capability for leadership in various extracurricular roles like help to manage activities into the society (Tripathi Goyal 2014).The engineer demonstrated its capability for leadership through part time work recorded. As related to the textbook and my own responsibilities, I worked as a supervisor with use of engineering capabilities to work out the leadership skills. Engineer can coordinate with own work and then collaborate efficiently with another people. Sustainability into engineering I had discussed the sustainability into engineering. Leach (2014) demonstrated that sustainable engineering is based on the principles which support sustainable development. The sustainable engineer can design, implement and produce sustainable solutions to the technical problems. In my point of view, the principles of sustainable engineering are taking into account of decision making for research as well as industrial projects. They are also concerned into decision making observes the funding of technological research. Verzuh (2015) argued that sustainability engineering achieves of the goals such as reduction of waste, materials management, pollution prevention and also enhancement of product. As for example, I had determined that engineering includes of frequent ways to advance processes and products to compose them more resourceful from an environmental as well as sustainable point of view. Each of the approaches is based on view probable impacts into space as well as time. Sustainability can lead to better engineering solutions as leading towards the engineering processes to make decisions. It is a process to design the system such that energy as well as resources is sustainable (Kerzner 2013).Each of the engineering disciplines is engaged into sustainable design. Various types of initiates are taken such as analysis of life cycle, prevention of pollution, design of the environment as well as designing for recycling. Nicholas and Steyn (2017) mentioned that natural resources are the industrial endeavors which are contributing to the social as well as economical well beings. Within the engineering process, incorporation of sustainability into the products, processes and also technical systems means to integrate of environmental and social factors within design evaluation. Based on concepts of sustainability engineering, it provides engineering solutions as introduction of core concepts of strategic sustainable development, structured planning and also decision making model for submission into real world problems (Nicholas Steyn 2017). It provides a system oriented sustainability framework to the engineers so that they can improve environment as well as social factors. The scale and difficulty of the issues are connected to achieve sustainable society, humanity and necessitates of people of deviating the engineers. Manage information and documentation When more members are assigned into a project work, then the project can achieve of great success. Apart from the project success, the engineer is also facing of challenges such as ensuring of version control of reports as well as drawings (Burke 2013). I had used of various processes in place to share of information and ensured that each and everyone should work into recent document version. The team members require interacting with each other into the project group. As for example, I had conducted face-to-face communication which is the best information sharing process for me. I had instructed the team members to share their email id as well as phone number with each of the team members so that recent information should be shared with each other. I had set up a message board and I had scheduled a meeting on weekly basis. The weekly meetings are updating everyone on the project progress and use of recent document version (Schwalbe 2015). Videoconferencing is also an information distribution process to get project related information about the project team. Information sharing flowchart is used by the project manager and engineer to recent update and progress of the work (Nicholas Steyn 2017). The free flow of information is related to movement of information and data among the members of the project. Most of the information sharing and also knowledge management distinguishes the information, knowledge as well as data. I had also used of information sharing model when planned changes are occurred in the organization to facilitate and resist based on dynamics of social structure. It spans of the internal boundaries of the organization. The data are frequently kept into personal so that it is not shared among any other unauthorized person. Any project related information are kept into privacy and with strict authorization, therefore I had used of such information sharing processes such that no other person can able to access it. Therefore, I had kept all the project related documents with password authorization. References Burke, R 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Dolce, M. Di Bucci, D 2014. Risk management: roles and responsibilities in the decision-making process.Geoethics: ethical challenges and case studies in earth science. Section IV: Communication with the public, officials and the media. Kerzner, H 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Leach, L.P 2014.Critical chain project management. Artech House. Mir, F.A. Pinnington, A.H 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), pp.202-217. Nicholas, J.M. Steyn, H 2017.Project management for engineering, business and technology. Taylor Francis. Schwalbe, K 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Tripathi, V. Goyal, A.K 2014. Agile Requirement Engineer: Roles and Responsibilities.International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering and Technology,1(3), pp.13-219. Verzuh, E. 2015.The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons.

Implementing a Wellness Program within an Industry

Executive Summary Workplaces apply as the most appropriate areas to promote healthy habits among individuals because of the ease of admittance, amount of time spent there, as well as availability of effective hold up systems. The main rationale behind corporate wellness programs is the endemic levels of obesity and other associated health challenges among workers.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Implementing a Wellness Program within an Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Escalating insurance rates and growing rates of obesity are concerns nationwide and within our company. Research has shown that when personnel are healthy, morale is boosted, making employees more proficient in their duties. Coinciding with healthier employees is lower health cost, for both the employee and the employer. Employee wellness in the workplace ought to be the principal focus of human resource planning and management in an or ganization. One of the essential steps in implementing a wellness program is planning. Implementation of a workplace wellness program requires regular monitoring and adjustments where necessary. Introduction Workplace wellness refers to organizational programs that focus on promoting the ability of individuals in a workplace to control and improve their health. Workplace wellness is one of the key corporate activities for most organizations in America and world over (Patterson, 2007). This is because such programs serve, as means to acquire and identify new opportunities, as well as getting support and back up required by employees to improve their health. Workplaces apply as the most appropriate areas to promote healthy habits among individuals because of the ease of admittance, amount of time spent there, as well as availability of effective hold up systems. Any organization should prioritize the idea of introducing a wellness program as an investment activity due to the return on investment potential of such a program (Patterson, 2007). An organization can incorporate various wellness programs for its workforce that include medical testing, weight supervision programs, health instruction, health training, and health fairs. The main rationale behind corporate wellness programs is the endemic levels of obesity and other associated health challenges among workers (Patterson, 2007). Health complications among employees are costly to an organization due to low individual esteem, reduced productivity, and absenteeism from work (Patterson, 2007). Some of the critical activities of developing a wellness program include identifying the cause of the prevailing health condition, setting attainable goals for the program, and effective communication.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problem Statement Escalating insurance rates and growing rates of obesity are con cerns nationwide and within our company. Putting an employee wellness program into practice will provide various benefits to the company as a whole. Employees getting into shape and living a healthy lifestyle, as taught during training within a program, makes for healthier employees. Healthier employees increase productivity within the company (Patterson, 2007). Employees that are healthy are less suitable to be absent from work, thus furthering productivity even more. Research has shown that when personnel are healthy, morale is boosted, making employees more proficient in their duties. Coinciding with healthier employees is lower health cost, for both the employee and the employer (Patterson, 2007). A research conducted in the United States of America, indicated that the cost of treating obesity averaged at $13 billion every year. The research also indicated that the cost of health insurance covering obesity and its associated medical conditions was the highest at $8 billion (Dono van, 2006). Thus, it is imperative to apply the best practices to acknowledge employees and motivate them to take part in a wellness program. Obesity is the biggest health related challenge in our company. This problem will pull down the prospects of the company in the near future, if not addressed right away, and in an effective manner. The major cause of this problem in our company is the work environment that increasingly requires sitting or little activity (Donovan, 2006). This problem has increased expenditure in the company, as well as greatly reducing general productivity of employees and the company. Research shows that a worker who files for obesity related claims has an absenteeism average rate of 45 days (Donovan, 2006). Employee Wellness in the Workplace Employee wellness in the workplace ought to be the principal focus of human resource planning and management in an organization. It is important to have a healthy and happy workforce capable of fulfilling their respectiv e potentials and employer expectations (Stephanie, 2009). The ability of employees to fulfill their work responsibilities beds on the corporate culture and organizational structure of their company. These two key organizational elements shape the environment around the workplace in terms of the kind of activities carried out, the manner of execution, and the participating parties. Having employee wellness programs as part of an organizations corporate culture is a very important investment (Stephanie, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Implementing a Wellness Program within an Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organizational structure in our company dictates how much employees are involved in key company activities such as decision-making and professional development. However, it is important to incorporate a wellness program for all employees and ensure that there are appropriate strategies t o encourage and motivate them to participate actively in all program activities (Stephanie, 2009). This is because, the high number of individuals suffering from work related health challenges such as obesity experience difficulties in enrolling and participating in such programs due to low esteem. However, employees also have a part to play in ensuring a healthy workplace environment in the company, by addressing their own obesity challenges first. One of the challenges experienced by employees is generating a perception that employers discriminate against obese workers (Stephanie, 2009). Research has shown that obesity increases the rate of death by up to thirteen times among severely obese individuals. Introducing a wellness program may be an expensive investment for the company, but it will yield many benefits in the end. First, through the program, cohesion within the company will improve due to increased interaction of employees, as well as a common activity they can all ident ify with. The second benefit of introducing a wellness program is that it will improve workforce retention (Stephanie, 2009). Workers suffering from obesity and other health conditions will increase their loyalty to the company because of the accessibility of health services and instruction at competitive rates within their workplace. Employees like sticking to an employer who is conscious of their wellbeing, and making an effort at the same time. The third benefit is improved productivity (Stephanie, 2009). A wellness program will lead to a healthy, confident, and happy workforce capable of giving their best output towards meeting their organizational responsibilities and goals. The fourth benefit of a wellness program is saving on the cost of healthcare incurred by the company (Stephanie, 2009). When employees are healthy, the cost incurred due to low productivity, absenteeism, and high insurance covers greatly reduce to manageable levels. Implementing the Program One of the essen tial steps in implementing a wellness program is planning. Planning ensures the success of different program designs covering any number of employees (Larkin, 2009). After planning, implementation begins taking into consideration everything identified and analyzed in the plan.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Implementation of a workplace wellness program entails regular monitoring and adjustments where necessary. When planning for the wellness program, five essential considerations apply to ensure success. The first consideration is the root cause of obesity and high cost of insurance among employees and their families (Larkin, 2009). This is crucial in identifying important information for developing a workplace program that targets the challenges of employees. This avoids investing time and resources on irrelevant issues. The second consideration is the kind of expectations everyone has from the wellness program (Larkin, 2009). It is important to develop realistic and attainable expectations that encourage employee participation. The third consideration is need for aggressive and effective communication. Running a workplace wellness program requires constant communication between employees and the facilitators. The fourth consideration is the need to integrate other employee benefits and conditions into the program (Larkin, 2009). Apart from improving their health, it is important to consider other benefits employees can drive from the program. Employee conditions such as disabilities need consideration when developing the wellness program. The fifth consideration is the need to practice the ideals promoted through the program (Larkin, 2009). This entails everyone in the company participating in the program regardless of their position. Employees can fail to give full commitment to the program if their seniors fail to do the same. Any workplace wellness program that focuses on these key considerations is always successful in implementation and getting the desired results. Steps in Implementing the Program A workplace wellness program follows certain essential steps. These steps explain the practicability of the program, the required resources, sets goals, develops expectations, monitoring and evaluation strategies, as well as maintaining its continuity (Larkin, 2009). The first step is to establish the need for introducing the program (Wellness Proposals, n.d., par.1). This step entails talking to employees, the management, and experts in order to identify if introducing a wellness program applies in the company. The second step is identifying the benefits that the program will bring to the company and all employees (Wellness Proposals, n.d., par.2). This step is important in developing program goals and expectations that align to the expected benefits. The third step is forming a team that will educate employees on the program details such as the objective, scope, essentials, as well as the numerous roles and benefits they can anticipate. The fourth step is analyzing the needs and interests of employees. Since the program focuses on the wellness of employees, it is necessary to assess the needs they have, as well as their main interests (Wellness Proposals, n.d., par.4). This helps in designing the program with an orientation towards thes e employee particulars. The fifth step is designing the program itself (Wellness Proposals, n.d., par.5). This step entails identifying and developing a vision, goals, and objectives for the program. These act as the guides for the program during implementation and in long-term maintenance. The sixth step is creating a timeline and a budget for the program. A timeline outlines the projected period for accomplishing goals and objectives of the entire program functions and activities. A budget also applies in stating the amount of financing necessary in actualizing the program goals (Wellness Proposals, n.d., par.6). The seventh step is identifying essential motivation for the program. This entails the features and activities of the program that will motivate employee participation. Employees need to stay motivated in their activities if they want to gain any benefits from the program (Wellness Proposals, n.d., par.7). The eighth step is garnering support for the program from all empl oyees. For a wellness program to succeed in our company, getting the support of the target group is important. The key to getting employee support is convincing them that the program will be of benefit to them. The support is important in ensuring continuity of the program. The ninth step is marketing the wellness program in the workforce (Wellness Proposals, n.d., par.9). This step entails creating awareness for program among employees by educating them on the requirements for the program, how it works, the period for which it will run, how it will affect their activities, and the benefits they will get from the program. The tenth step is implementing the program (Wellness Proposals, n.d., par.10). This step applies when all the other steps have satisfactorily met the essential standards and levels important for program success. It is important to implement the program after adequate awareness creation and a conviction that employees feel motivated enough to embrace the program. Th e strategies applied in implementing the program are likely to influence from employees, as well as potential for prolonged success. The final step of implementing a wellness program in the workplace is measuring of accomplishments (Wellness Proposals, n.d., par.11). This entails an establishment of how well the progress made in the program for a certain period, has met the set goals. It also involves an analysis of commitments to the set timelines. An evaluation for the program also identifies any necessary changes to the program that would improve its performance. Monitoring and evaluation is crucial to the success of the program as it helps to keep everything in check, as well as sustainable utilization of resources. Monitoring and evaluation also identifies opportunities for the programs, as well as any possible threats from the external environment. One key process of monitoring and evaluation for this program is an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and weak nesses of the program. Recommendations To ensure the actualization of the solution to the problem of obesity in our company, there are various steps and actions I would recommend. These recommendations primarily focus on handling the challenge of obesity among employees in the company. The first recommendation is to encourage employees to avoid using the elevator, but instead use the stairs (Stephanie, 2009). This is achievable by increasing the attractiveness of the stairways through strategies like repainting, introducing wide windows or introducing a carpet. The second recommendation is creating a campaign to promote healthy living in the workforce by introducing healthy conscious foods and practices for all employees. The third recommendation is imposing a mandatory rule for all employees to desist from remaining in their desks after taking a meal, but instead take walk around the company premises as they interact with others. This move is all about exercise (Stephanie, 2009). T he company can provide showering facilities for any employee who would be interested in exercising over short and long breaks. This will encourage workers to take up exercise as part of their daily workplace activities. Another recommendation that employers can apply on their employees is offering motivation for health management. Incentives include providing competitively priced medical insurance covers and rewards for the employee who loses the most weight in a year (Stephanie, 2009). Another recommendation is for the company to collaborate with healthcare service providers to introduce employee-training programs that focus on managing and improving their personal health, and that of their colleagues. Employees get professional instruction on how to manage their weight, and other medical challenges that connect to obesity. Introducing a wellness program is the best solution to solve the problem of obesity within the workforce (Stephanie, 2009). If the company management implements these recommendations effectively, then I believe that in the near future we will have a healthier and highly motivated workforce. References Donovan, P. (2006). Workplace Wellness Case Studies: Tactics to Promote Health and  Reduce Risk: New York: Healthcare Intelligence Net. Larkin, S. (2009). Healthy Profits: The Five Elements of Strategic Wellness in the  Workplace. London: Yellow Duck Press. Patterson, M. (2007). Health Promotion in the Workplace. New York: Cengage Learning. Stephanie, O. (2009). Next-Generation Wellness at Work. New York: ABC-CLIO.  Wellness Proposals: Guide to Worksite Wellness Programs. (n.d.) Web. This proposal on Implementing a Wellness Program within an Industry was written and submitted by user Zoie Waters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biology Lab Safety Guidelines

Biology Lab Safety Guidelines Biology lab safety rules are guidelines designed to help keep you safe while you are experimenting. Some equipment and chemicals in a biology laboratory can cause serious harm. It is always wise to follow all lab safety rules. Dont forget, the most helpful safety rule is to use plain old common sense. The following biology lab safety rules are a sample of the most basic rules that should be followed when in a biology lab. Most labs have the safety rules posted in a visible place and your instructor will most likely go over them with you before you begin working. 1. Be Prepared Before you enter a biology lab, you should be prepared for and knowledgeable about any lab exercises that are to be performed. That means you should read your lab manual to know exactly what you will be doing. Review your biology notes and relevant sections in your biology textbook before your lab begins. Make sure you understand all procedures and purposes, as this will help you understand the lab activities you will perform. It will also help you get your thoughts organized for when you have to write your lab report. 2. Be Neat When working in a biology lab, make sure you keep your area neat and organized. If you happen to spill something, ask for assistance when cleaning it up. Also, remember to clean your work area and wash your hands when you are finished. 3. Be Careful An important biology lab safety rule is to be careful. You may be working with glass or sharp objects, so you dont want to handle them carelessly. 4. Wear Proper Clothing Accidents do happen in a biology lab. Some chemicals have the potential to damage clothing. With that in mind, you want to make sure that the clothing you wear is something you could do without if it becomes damaged. As a precaution, wearing an apron or lab coat is a good idea. You will also want to wear proper shoes that can protect your feet in case something gets broken. Sandals or any type of open-toed shoes are not recommended. 5. Be Cautious With Chemicals The best way to remain safe when dealing with chemicals is to assume that any chemical you handle is dangerous. Be sure you understand what type of chemicals you are using and how they should be properly handled.If any chemical comes in contact with your skin, wash immediately with water and inform your lab instructor. Wear protective eyewear when handling chemicals, which brings us to the next rule. 6. Wear Safety Goggles Safety goggles may not be the most fashion-forward accessory and can fit awkwardly on your face, but they should always be worn when you are working with chemicals or any type of heating apparatus. 7. Locate Safety Equipment Be sure you know where to find all safety equipment in the biology lab. This includes such items as the fire extinguisher, first aid kit, broken glass receptacles, and chemical waste containers. Also be sure you know where all the emergency exits are located and which exit route to take in case of an emergency. 8. Biology Lab Donts There are several things in a biology lab that you must always avoid- here are a few major laboratory donts. Do Not eat or drink in the labtaste any chemicals or substances you are working withuse your mouth for pipetting substanceshandle broken glass with bare handspour chemicals down the drain without permissionoperate lab equipment without permissionperform your own experiments unless given permissionleave any heated materials unattendedplace flammable substances near heatengage in childish antics such as horseplay or pranks 9. Have a Good Experience Biology lab is an important aspect of any general biology or AP biology course. In order to have a good lab experience, make sure that you follow these biology lab safety rules and any instructions given to you by your lab instructor.

Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Stress - Essay Example As such, it was important for me to ensure that my performance did not experience a downward trend as I intended to work there as I continued with my studies so as to support my parents in paying school fees. My parent’s quarreling and fighting usually drove me to the edge especially due to the fact that I envied my friend’s parents who showed deep concern and affection for each other even in the public. I used to ask my self so many questions which went unanswered and which distracted me from my work. On one occasion, I woke up to find my parents in a heated argument over something that completely embarrassed me especially due to the fact that almost all of my neighbors had come to witness the fight. To make matters worse, most of them were enjoying the show instead of separating them though they cannot be totally blamed due to the barbaric cultural restrictions which mutually makes it a taboo to interfere with family matters especially if you are not a member of the family. There was less I could do but eventually, they stopped fighting after realizing that they were creating an unnecessary attention. This occurrence almost squeezed out tears from my eyes but I managed to suppress them and be able to prepare myself for work. Never before in my life had I experienced such a humiliating event and as such, I arrived for work in a bad mood which was first noticed by the receptionist, who in most times enjoyed chatting with me in the morning as he was the only person who was closer to me in terms of age and education. Furthermore, we had known each other before as we shared the same hostel during my first year in college. Unlike other days, that day I was quiet and I did not feel like talking to anyone irrespective of whether he or she was my superior or a friend. Stress management is a major challenge in my life though I have not yet had the courage to accept it and acquire professional help. However, there is a solution

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Paper Research

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles - Research Paper Example According to Cleverly, Song, & Cleverly (2010), there are five generally accepted accounting guidelines or principles that are related to accounting for health, namely money measurement, valuation, duality principle, stable monetary unit, and accounting entity. In this paper a discussion will be made on these five generally accepted accounting principles related to health care. Money Measurement Money measurement principle calls for effective recording of all cash flows and revenues that are coming to the organization as well those leaving the organization. Money measurement refers to the measurement of debt obligations and revenue resources accurately so that there is no discrepancy in the accounts of the health care institute. The intent behind this accounting principle is to secure and measure all the incoming and outgoing cash flows of a firm. It is essential to measure the movement of money inside and outside the organization because it is the most basic building block of accoun ting. This particular accounting principle is related to health care field as the flow of money in a heath care facility is quite fluid and money changes hand quickly in the health care industry. ... The reason for valuing assets and costs at historical prices is that it is the only method that provides an objective value of assets and costs (Cleverly, Song, & Cleverly, 2010). Other alternatives of valuation lack the objectivity which the historical cost valuation method provides. The intent behind this accounting principle is to provide an objective account of the values of acquisition cost of assets. In the field of health care this accounting principle is vital to calculate return on investment (p. 187). Also there is no second hand market of assets that are used in the health care industry and therefore it is difficult to estimate a market value for such assets. This is the relevance of cost valuation accounting principle to the field of health care. Principle of Duality Principle of duality is a generally accepted accounting principle that refers to the basic equation that is commonly used in accounting (assets = liabilities +owner’s equity). The principle of duality also refers to the dual effect of every transaction. The effect every transaction is recorded in a way that assets equals the total liabilities and equity of the firm. This principle is forms a very basic pillar of accounting. It provides guidance as to how to account different transactions. The intent of this principle is to make sure that transactions are recorded in way that satisfies the basics of accounting. The principle of duality is the basic pillar of accounting and therefore has relevance to accounting of health care institutions. The basic equation of assets, liabilities, and equity should always be balanced when accounting in the field of health care. In health care field transactions are regularly recorded and therefore to avoid any mistake it is essential to keep this

Business Proposal for Nonprofit Ccharity Organizations Essay - 26

Business Proposal for Nonprofit Ccharity Organizations - Essay Example To meet the increasing demand for donations, the company intends to expand the manufacturing unit at a cost of $2million in the next two years (Allen, 2010). The expansion will ensure that the production volume is doubled (Fisher, 2000, p. 89).  The capital required for the expansion is the main challenge for the company because it does not intend to change its working principles in order to raise the capital (Armstrong, Cools, & Sadler-Smith, 2011). Therefore, the company intends to look for a grant to cater to expansion costs (Chilton & Bloodgood, 2010). The social implication for the inability to raise the capital will be catastrophic to the company because of failure to meet the increasing demands (Cooper, 2008). The provision of safe water for domestic use is a challenge especially in t developing nations (Archer, 2011). The company targets the provision of water to rural households in Africa. The target country in Africa is Ethiopia the semi-arid regions of the country (Routl ey, 2006). The major plan of the company is to drill boreholes in the region to provide water for the locals (Shaw, 2011). After construction of the boreholes, they are handed over to Community Based organization (CBO) to manage (Global Warming & Climate Change, 2012). The company intends to expand its operation into countries with severe water shortage problem such as South Sudan (Beverly & Thomson, 2011). The company does not operate in a buy one donate one model, but it depends on grants totally (Hart, 2011). The leading donor is Melinda and Gates foundation (McKinsey & Company, 2010). The expansion and operational cost for the year according to the budget are $15 Million (Department of Sustainability Environment, WaterPopulation, and Communities, 2009).

The Human Microbiome Project

The Human Microbiome Project Microorganisms are important for animal and plant life, their presence in the surroundings is essential for survival of all life forms. This importance can be proved by the large number of prokaryotes in human body, mainly bacteria, it was found that there are ten time more bacteria than human cells. Normal flora describe the microbes that colonize human body, during birth and after, and remain for life. Microbes of normal flora are found in many body sites, such as moist skin, gastrointestinal tract, mouth, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and vagina, but other important human organs, such as lungs, brain, and heart are free from microbial flora. Number of microorganisms living in skin is small compared to other sites, because skin medium is dry, and contain dead cells, with slight low pH. The human respiratory tract, mainly nose, is colonized by Staphylococcus aureus , which is main cause of surgical wound infection. The mouth contains biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, which are p resent as plaque on teeth surface. Similar to the skin, and unlike small intestine, not many microbes live in the stomach, because of the gastric acid, Helicobacter pylori is an example of stomach bacteria. Human microbial flora are important to the human, staphylococci and propionibacteria, release fatty acids to prevent growth of skin fungi, bacteria in respiratory tract can cause infections when epithelium of respiratory tract get damage. Vaginal flora, mainly lactobacillus protect host, as women with low lactobacillus levels taking antibiotics to treat infection develop other infections. Human flora also benefit the host, they colonize body sites, making it difficult for external microbes to colonize and infect, they also help in vitamin production, and cause small antibody release , which help in immunity. Oral microflora produce substances as fatty acid, peroxides to protect from external microbes, and also cause disease such as gingivitis, and dental plaque. Normal flora spread from site to another can cause deadly infections, as from wound. Bacteroides of the gastrointestinal tract produced substances that are carcinogens, and can cause cancer for colon. Human Microbiome Project (HMP) Researchers found, usually that everybody carries huge number of pathogens, and microorganisms as possible to cause diseases. While most of these microorganisms coexist with the host body (healthy individuals) and remnant of the human microbiome without any diseas and living with each other in the human body, which are play important vital role in human health. Researchers sampled of healthy volunteers in USA had included total samples was from 15 body sites in men, while in women was 18 body sites, from each volunteer was collected three samples at different body sites. Collect the samples from a total of 18 body sites, in 5 major body areas, in males were sampled from the skin, mouth (oral cavity), nose, two sites behind each ear and each area inner elbow, lower part of gastrointestinal tract(stool), and tinal tract regions. On the other hand, in females additionally sampled from three vaginal sites, as following: nine sites in the oral cavity with saliva, four sites on the skin, three sites in the vagina, a pooled sample of the anterior nares (airway), and one sample of stool. In late 2007 with funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) roadmap for biomedical research community, represent important issues that affect human health in general, launched the Human Microbiome Project (HMP), which focuses on describing the different types of microbial which are associated with human health and disease. Human Microbiome Project is to study the microbes which are living in and on the human body and included catalogue the genetic identity and characterize of many organisms such as bacteria, viruses and live in intimate contact with human body. The Human Microbiome Project is became able to uncover microbes and the National Institutes of Health launched the results of the five-year project. Also, has been developed metagenomic protocols through generation a population-scale framework to produce metagenomic data and large group of quality-controlled resources, during standardized methods. Have been isolated around 800 reference strains from human body sequences. Although, these data are biggest resource to develop of current and future studies and represent a diversity of the human microbiome. Since launch HMP in late 2007, HMP has received $153 million from Common Fund of National Institutes of Health (NIH) and $20 million an additional. The main goals of this project are: This project is to prove if there is a shared core microbiome between different groups of people and in and on the different sites of the human body, also to studying different medical conditions  and explain whether there are a correlations between changes in microbiome and disease. To take benefit of recent technologies by studying samples from different sites of the human body to characterize the human microbiome, to provide new technological approaches from a standardized data resources, and HMP is working to manipulation of the human microbiome to improve human health. In addition, Human Microbiome Project provided contribution important to develop new fields in the technological and bioinformatic tools, through five year effort. The first stage of this initiative was included the sequencing of many hundreds of microbial reference genomes which isolated from human body sites. This information acquired from the reference genomes can help to functional annotation and classification of 16S rRNA from microbiome samples. In human body microbial partners carry out a several of metabolic reactions which are important for human health, still are not encoded in the human genome. Although, the large number of microbial kinds existent in the body did not isolated, because, the inability in the lab to reproduce suitable growth conditions for microbial. Therefore there are huge number of microbial are still undetectable. It is important the study of microbial communities directly from their natural habitats by benefit of advances in sequencing technology. The HMP is working to characterize the human microbiome communities by using different complementary analyses included: 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), metagenomic sequencing and whole-genome shotgun (WGS), which focused on examination of the intestine microbiome through the use of WGS data. The metagenome is includes the collective genomes of the human microbial flora. Generating a huge amounts of data from the sequencing and analyzes of reference genomes about the complexity of the human microbiome which are isolate from different sites of the human body and providing more information about human health and disease. 16S and wgs sequencing occurred in a four stages are: containing of a mock data pilot stage, a clinical pilot stage, in July 2010 stage 1 completed and clinical stage 2 currently in progress. Has been funded Fifteen demonstration projects to explain the nature of relationship between the microbiome, health and disease. It is known that the human microbiome is consists of the genes and genomes of the microbiota which resident throughout human body. The Human Microbiome Project resources, includes the following: 600 microbial reference genomes, 700 metagenomes, 60 million predicted genes, and 70 million 16S sequences from healthy adult microbiomes. The human microbiome including of microbial genes, genomes, and gene products of the microbiota which interact with the human body host to prime immunity and in same time to maintain host health. Also, the microbiome is contribute to maintenance and development of the immune system. The HMP is surveying the microbiomes pass the bodies of a group of healthy adults to produce data groups of microbiomes, to developing of reference strains by a classification of microbial genome sequences, and evaluating the properties of microbiomes which associated with specific skin diseases, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital. Recently, has been developed three programs in technology are: the ethical, legal implications, and computational tools to support this field (microbiome research). In addition, there are four projects listed under the HMP program, depending on the four data sets produced, including: data sets produced in individual demonstration project activities; targeted 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences; reference strain microbial genome sequences; and whole-genome shotgun metagenomic sequences. Whereas, the second major resource of the HMP is include five major areas of the human body (healthy adults) are: skin, mouth, nose, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina. In spite of, in the early years at birth, the generating of the microbiome, occurs through interact between the diet, maturing immune system and microbial communities. (Koenig et al., 2011) (Dominguez-Bello et al., 2010) . Difficult to understand what is happening through interactions between the microbiome function, early microbiome events and changes during the stages of life, such as using antibiotics possible to be predisposing factor to allergies later in life (Bisgaard et al., 2011). Also, because microbiome disorders might occur in childhood can lead to many diseases such as asthma, and type 1 diabetes. Each site of the body contains a unique microbiome important to maintain for the host health, for example the gastrointestinal microbiome which directly interacts with the immune system of the host (Round and Mazmanian, 2009). In addition to many functions as energy supply for host cells and digestion of food. The microbiome acquired be through anew each generation but it is not inherited. Currently, a lot of international efforts focused on enhance the understanding of the complexity of the human microbiome and determining the multiple pathological mechanisms for explore in human health and disease. The International Human Microbiome Consortium (IMHC) is open to support most research programs of human microbiome, the aim of the IMHC is the collection of information and understanding how the human microbiome is working to maintenance of human health and occurrence of diseases, for the purpose of illustrate that the relationship between the human microbiome, human health and disease. Also, other goals are in- depth study in the complexity of the microbiome in health and disease in general, make a full analysis of the human microbiome about human health and/or disease, creating the novel diagnostic tools of the disease and development of new methods to prevent and treat diseases and therapeutic interventions. In addition, that future researches aims to detect and to look for the important role of metagenomic analyses to defining DNA sequences and help to detected human infections because of the complexity of the human microbiome.

Essay --

Education is closely associated in determining a person’s life chances. Socioeconomic status (SES) plays a critical part in higher education today in America. Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to the ranking based on occupation, income and other social components like education. The inequality in college enrollments and degree completion has been a major concern in our society. The students’ SES seems to actuate the opportunities and the achievement they will fulfill in postsecondary school. Sociologists tend to acknowledge that social course is still an important aspect in today’s society. Also, it affects our life chances and choices. Education contributes to income attainment and occupational prestige. Moreover, there is an inequality between men and women from contrasting social backgrounds in terms of education, particularly in college. Education serves as a ladder to success and social mobility. In America, students from low socioeconomic status (SES) families have always been a part of the nation’s higher education and are few in number. Socioeconomic status has crucial effects on students and their performance in college. The subject of SES and how it affects college education has been debated for decades. The social ranking is parallel to whether one will succeed in college. SES insinuates more immense impact on low SES students than high SES students. Low SES students are deprived in schools due to the lack of academic environment and limit their chances of academic success in school. Those circumstances cause low SES schools to be low compliant and impose the notion that only determined and flexible students can avoid low academic achievement. Low SES students are said to be â€Å"similarly u... ...and men. Mention history of gender inequality: how history affect our society. â€Å"Let’s not forget about the history of Women’s Rights. Women are not mentioned in the Constitution†¦ There are natural differences in men and women; Women are viewed weaker and are expected to stay home, take care of the family. Also, might want to squeeze in a little detail about the role of Economics in our society. Accomplishment in college of students from different socioeconomic background varies. If the social deprivation decreases, low SES students should have similar experiences and accomplishments. Social backgrounds continue to negatively affect their college achievement if low SES students have different outcomes or lower achievements (Walpole viriya.net 2003). Different opportunities are brought about by differences of resources and status (Linkon diversityweb.org 2008).

Should marketers…..

Should marketers be allowed to conduct market research with young children? Why yes/ why no? What are the implications? What are the advantages? Introduction: Let us try to understand how the minds of children work, through an allegory: The old man (guard) near the village church well, was shouting: â€Å"Children, children, listen to me, Waste no water, waste no water, There’s a ghost in the church well, If your spill the water, he will lift you to hell! That’s how he controlled and influenced the minds of children who were wasting water near the church well in a water-starved village! Problem Statement: The impressionable minds of children can be influenced easily, for better or worse. To bring up a child is a continuous experiment. Its care begins from the cradle. Till the age of 5 or until such time a child is admitted to the school, the child looks forward to the parents for guidance in every aspect of its needs. The habit formation has already begun in the child. The child feels good about certain things, and the food habits once initiated, may continue for long. Children are highly motivated by the advertisements and programs in television, and in the school, by the contents of the lunch-boxes of other children. They wish to imitate and emulate. Life is full of choices and making the right choices is important for the children. Dr. Bernard Shaw said, â€Å"Your food is your grave.† Here is the message for the parents about the food items they need to give to the children. The lack of food discipline amongst the children and the lack of its awareness among the caretakers (including parents) is one of the grave problems of the modern era, influenced by the materialistic civilization, the electronic media and the internet revolution. No control exists over the sources of information that the children receive; leave aside other sources, over 500 TV channels running 24 hours a day alone is sufficient either to build or break the children, depending upon the programs they are habituated to view. Consequently there is no control either, how they assimilate and utilize such information in their personal lives. This is the age, when children begin to outsmart the parents or any controlling authority. Market researchers are, therefore, having the field day, to serve the expansion programs of the multinational giants, and provide those data as per specified classifications. In each child, they see a potential customer for their products. Evidence: Market research in any area related to young children is a welcome step. In the absence of proper data, any decision, any policy on issues relating to the children would be fallacious. On the basis of the data collected, the right procedures for the future benefit of children need to be adopted and they must be implemented with all sincerity Whether one likes it or not, manufacturing and marketing of food products exclusively for children has come to stay; now the question is what type of food products needs to be supported and what are to be rejected, by the free exercise of market forces and by creating proper awareness amongst the children. In an experiment conducted to decide the influence of branding vis-à  -vis the taste preference, it was found that branding has deep impact on the minds of the children. The children preferred the branded packaging, than the unbranded packaging. Perhaps the imaginative packaging system backed up by the influence of the advertisements for that product, which the children recalled while making choices did the trick and the market researchers scored their anticipated goals. Here is the danger of the container dominating over the contents of the product. The manufacturers of such products must be thanking the television sets in the homes of children. Analysis: The advantages of research on young children is inclusive not exclusive. What is important is the tangible action taken on the findings of the research. In a recent report published by the World Health Organization of UNO, energy-dense foods and fast food outlets is the cause of increasing overweight and obesity amongst young children. This is the inherent danger of branding of food products as the children stick on to a particular brand of food, and it becomes the regular part of their food intake. The giants of the food and beverage industry who spend more than $ 10 billion per year count on such children and the drug industry must be making proper projections for expansion on the basis of statistics of obese children;   The drug industry must be thanking the fast food industry for providing them ‘ raw material’ in the form of obese children. This is how, evil begets the evil! Beginning from the age of 2, the children have begun to identify the brands, and by the age of 7-9, they have mastered brand names, logos, characters, packaging, color preferences, carton characters and everything that contributes to the world of fantasy of the children. They have formed opinions; their requests for products have turned to nagging, begging and even quarrelling! Discussion: The necessity of parental guidance has never been felt more, as in the conditions prevailing today. Marketing organizations create fictional characters to influence the minds of children and make them slaves of their own imaginations. The impact of the advertisements and the promotional campaigns, hype of gift schemes is so much –for example we are prepared to pay ten times of the cost of pure lime juice, to a bottled drink of lime, treated with preservatives. And the company advertises; â€Å"Now this drink has the taste of fresh lime!† The enslaved minds of the children refuse to think why we can’t have he fresh limejuice from the natural lime itself! Similarly we pay a hefty sum for a fancy pack of potato chips, which is harmful for the health of children, viewed from any angle. The models, who are part of the advertisement campaigns, charge hefty sums and we pay to believe their tissue of lies beamed through TVs, created by the imaginative copy-writers. This is the tragedy of the market research, as the findings are utilized for harming the health of children. Well-intentioned market research for the benefit of children is good. The motivated campaigns to tap and exploit the tender emotions of the children will harm them, the parents, the family and the society in the long run. Over emphasis on early learning is not desirable and the market researchers need to do their job as human beings, not as the cut-throat competitors serving the tough strategies of the companies whose sole aim is to beget more and more profits. Such motivated market research campaigns are not conducive for the long-term welfare of the children. Conclusion: The ultimate aim of all research, including that on children, is to create a healthy and happy society. Therefore, nothing related to the children should be done in a hurry. To achieve this end, take lessons from Nature:   Hurry is not known to all creative expressions in Nature. The sun rising, the moon setting, the blossoming of the buds, the arrival of the fruits, the germination of the seeds, the fetus in the womb, the bird in the egg, all have no hurry, and each takes is own time to grow and emerge out. So, the market researchers and the product manufacturers need to perform with care, taking into consideration the ultimate welfare of children.      

Understanding Product Knowledge essays

Understanding Product Knowledge essays When Purchasing a Computer Buying a computer seems like a daunting task to many. There are many factors to consider when making a purchase. Brand name, functionality, speed and customer support are just some of the factors that one must consider when researching the options. In order to wisely purchase a computer, one must attain a considerable amount of product knowledge, to get the most value for their dollar. Consumers have different levels of product knowledge, which they can use to interpret information and make product choices. (Peter 64) When researching computers, product knowledge could range in consumers minds from abstract to less abstract thoughts about the options. Within this scope of abstract to less abstract options could be 4 sub-categories of product knowledge. These include product class, product form, brand name and the model or features. The most abstract and first of the four categories is product class. This is the most basic of the four categories. Simply for this demonstration, the product class being discussed is a desktop computer or generally the product type. Now this class differs slightly from some other similar computing product classes such as laptop computers, mainframes and personal digital assistants (PDAs). The second of the four sub-categories is product form. The basic product form differentiation that one must make is what do you need a computer for and if you need a home-based PC or business-based PC. This would be considered identifying the product class, a home-based system versus a business based-one. The fact is that the average home user who needs a general-purpose PC to go on the Internet and run productivity applications differs little from the average worker in an office. Indeed, the actual features in a vendor's business line does not differ much from what's in the home, except at the extreme end of the spectrum, such as a non-upgradeable closed-box corporate PC versus a lo...

Getting To Know The Vietnam School Syst Essay

Getting To Know The Vietnam School Syst Essay Getting To Know The Vietnam School Syst Essay Getting to Know the Vietnam School System Professor Autumn Finnerty It has been almost seven years since America opened its door for my family, and it has never ceased mesmerizing me. I came here for opportunities. I have been inundated with them. I came here for a better education. I came here for a much better life I will finish my Bachelor degree in Business at the end of 2015. I went to Sierra College for 4 years. Before that, I was in Ho Chi Minh City, the largest commercial center of Vietnam, finishing my first year of college. In Vietnam, students graduate from middle school in ninth grade. Tenth, 11th and 12th grades are considered part of high school. The Vietnamese education system differs from the U.S. one in several ways. Based on my experiences in Ho Chi Minh City: Children normally start school at 6 years old. But 4- or 5-year-olds sometimes are taught the alphabet and basic math. Schools generally start at 7 a.m. Before classes on Monday, there is usually a half hour of a â€Å"greeting the flag† session, during which students sing the national anthem and listen to a housekeeping talk by a school official in the courtyard. Elementary and middle school can end at around noon, but some can choose to extend hours. For high school students, noon breaks are allowed, but sometimes students are expected to return to school for classes until 5:30 p.m. After class, many take cram school classes in English, math and literature. Corruption happens here, when often the teachers who offer these classes let the students know ahead of time the material on their tests. Others choose to go to evening English centers. The uniform is a white T-shirt and navy pants. Students through ninth grade are expected to wear red scarves. In high school, they are expected to join the â€Å"Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union,† a Communist organization named after the nation’s ex-leader, and can wear badges instead. Tuition fees, paid monthly, are burdens to many low-income families. Textbook fees also are an impediment to education. Books are often printed in low quality and thus cannot be reused after a year or two. The curriculum changes every few years. Scholarships are rarely given. Students are expected to take a heavy compulsory course load. The students need to take the following classes starting from middle school: Vietnamese literature, math, biology, physics, chemistry (starting in 8th grade), history, geography, civics, foreign language (the most common is English, but French and Chinese are offered at some specialized schools), information technology, physical education, music and art (these two separate classes are not at the high school level). Students sit in one class, waiting for the teacher to arrive each period. Each class can have as many as 50 students. In high school, students have the option to choose among standard education, specialized social sciences education (with different textbooks for history, geography and literature), and specialized natural sciences education (with different textbooks for math, physics, chemistry and biology). Student-run activities are generally limited. Popular extracurricular activities include martial arts, swimming and Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union related works.

Current issues in entrepreneurship Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Current issues in entrepreneurship - Coursework Example In addition to these staples, many quick-service restaurants sell an extensive menu of Western, Mexican, Greek, and Chinese foods. Some fast-food outlets offer specialty items, like sushi, clams, or ribs, and others even sell complete "home-cooked" meals over their counters. Though menus and delivery formats vary greatly, fast food's chief common denominators include immediate customer service, packaging "to go," and inexpensive pricing. However, despite the pervasive reputation of fast food in modern American culture, criticisms proliferate. Since the 1930s, articles and books have censured the industry, purportedly divulging poor sanitary conditions, unhealthy food products, environmental problems and unfair working conditions. Whether it warrants the attention or not, the fast-food industry is still regularly cited for exploiting young workers, polluting, and contributing to obesity and other serious health problems among American consumers. Specifically, American beef consumption (fast-food hamburger industry) is often blamed for the burning of the Amazon rain forests to make way for more grazing lands for beef cattle. Former enemies of fast food cited the shocking grime of many hamburger stands, in addition to the claims that the ground beef used in sandwiches was either spoiled, diseased, or simply of low quality. In fact, many critics maintained that much of the meat used in fast-food hamburgers came from horse carcasses. Likewise, the high fat content of fast food s also became sensational. Notwithstanding deceptive industry claims about the high quality and the health benefits of their products, in the 1920s and 1930s concerned nutritionists warned the public about the medical dangers of regular burger consumption. Currently, this skepticism and condemnation of fast food persists, extending even further to include ominous vigilance regarding the industry's use of genetically modified and antibiotic-laden beef products. In many major chains, these attacks have been countered by posting calorie and nutritional charts inside restaurants, advertising and claiming the use of fresh ingredients and presenting alternatives to their fried foods. Despite a few more health-conscious items on the menu, fast-food chains today assertively promote the idea that bigger is better, thus the emergence of such offerings as "super-size" or "biggie" portions of French fries, soft drinks, and milkshakes. Critics point to this marketing emphasis as a reason for an excessive and greatly increasing per-capita caloric intake among fast-food consumers, resulting in fast-growing rates of obesity in the United States and in many parts of the world. Obesity in Children Obesity is no longer just an American problem. The UK House of Commons Health Committee gave out its finding on obesity foreseeing that obesity would soon surpass smoking as the primary health problem in the United Kingdom (House of Commons Health Committee, 2004). All throughout Europe, obesity has increased by 10%-50% within the past ten years and by as much as 75% in the developing world (IOTF, 2004). Globally, over a billion adults and children are overweight and most experts have projected that today's generation of children are likely to have shorter life expectancies than their parents because of obesity. The World Health Organization's latest global

Theory of knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Theory of knowledge - Essay Example The source of human knowledge have been attempted to be explained by philosophers. Due to this, there are two ways that have been used to explain the source of human knowledge in that on one side, rationalism explains that human knowledge is based on rationality or reason while on the other hand, empiricism states that human knowledge is based on experience or posteriori knowledge Many people have argued that human knowledge originate from experience but It is more sensible to argue that neither side can be neglected instead what need to be done is that both schools of thought that explain the source of human knowledge should be combined so that it makes more sense. Hence this can be classified as justified true belief. Knowledge is basically a belief or convection that someone has in something or a thing. However, knowledge can be enhanced by a combination of reason and experience. Plato Plato argued that in order to demarcate the difference between knowledge and opinion must be rea sonably or rationally justified. It is from this view that Plato stresses that knowledge is innate. This is because from his dialogues with Socrates, Plato presents the perception that soul existed before birth with the structure of perfect knowledge and good of everything. Therefore, when something is learned, it can be recalled. According to his argument, he made clear distinction between knowledge and mere opinion which he said is not certain. In order for human mind to make a belief that is dependable or reliable, there has to be substantive evidence on it. This, therefore, leads to justification of our beliefs. Justification is established by the distinction between believing that something is true and between knowing that something is what it is (Sosa...Therefore, it is important to make distinction between knowing that, how and acquaintance knowledge. Traditionally, there existed two methods to theory of knowledge. Empiricism which stresses that we get our knowledge via senso ry experiences while rationalism on the other hand which claims that people gain their knowledge through reasoning. The source of human knowledge have been attempted to be explained by philosophers. Due to this, there are two ways that have been used to explain the source of human knowledge in that on one side, rationalism explains that human knowledge is based on rationality or reason while on the other hand, empiricism states that human knowledge is based on experience or posteriori knowledge Many people have argued that human knowledge originate from experience but It is more sensible to argue that neither side can be neglected instead what need to be done is that both schools of thought that explain the source of human knowledge should be combined so that it makes more sense. Hence this can be classified as justified true belief. Knowledge is basically a belief or convection that someone has in something or a thing. However, knowledge can be enhanced by a combination of reason and experience. Plato argued that in order to demarcate the difference between knowledge and opinion must be reasonab ly or rationally justified. Truth is the capability of the information acquired being consistent with evident presented and truths about it.

Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Contracts - Essay Example Clause (213) of section (2) states that express warranties are usually in the form of a sample mode, affirmation, description or a promise. The consumer goods should be in such a condition that they shall be as described in the contract and that the whole of the goods will be the same as to the sample or model shown. The main purpose of the express warranty should be such that its specific intention mainly involves making an affirmation just of the value of consumer goods (furniture) or a statement that purports to be simply the seller’s opinion or praise of the consumer goods that they do not make a warranty (Margaret 127). The federal law also requires that express warranties for consumer goods (furniture) be available for the buyer to read even when writing contract terms or doing shopping on the internet or through a catalog (Margaret 130). This would allow the consumers to compare the extent of the warranty coverage just as the law requires that the buyer should have privilege to compare price and other features of goods (132). However, the act fails to state on whether warrant must be in written or oral form, but should be readily available for the

How Television Has Impacted Technology Essay Example for Free

How Television Has Impacted Technology Essay Television was introduced in 1949 but very few people had it because it was extremely expensive. The only channels people could watch were NBC and CBS. Television became increasingly popular because it was entertainment without going and sitting in the movie theaters. As TV became more popular, it became more affordable. People would hear about television through word of mouth, news, radio and newspaper. Everybody liked the idea of being entertained and staying at home. By the 1960s most families has TV sets in their living rooms, depending on if they liked being entertained at home. Television in the United States has grown year after year and has made a big impact on American culture in many ways. TV has taken a big part in violence in society, the news, how people are stereotyped, childhood obesity, family values, social interaction, and so much more. In my opinion one of the biggest impacts that television has had on American culture is childhood obesity. Obesity is considered a form of malnutrition in which food energy is stored as fat due to being unused. Child obesity is bred within the home and the television is a major contributor to it. The energy we consume from food needs to be used up by the body on a daily basis through physical exertion. An overweight child devoting a major portion of time to watching television is at risk to becoming obese. Television is certainly a contributor to that obesity. Kids these days are getting bigger and bigger, while television shows are growing and growing. To me, that is a big issue and television affects it a lot. Back in the day children enjoyed going outside to play, getting involved in sports or just anything outdoors. I feel like as of today there are now only about a quarter of the kids that enjoy doing outdoors stuff like that. The other 75% of kids choose to stay inside because most likely there favorite TV show is on or there is a movie that they just have to watch. Those kids are losing their time to play outside and mainly burn and lose calories because they are just sitting there watching TV for hours and hours. Obesity is known to be one of the major health concerns among both children and adults in the United States today. It is suggested by certain groups that children should not watch more than two hours of television a day. This in my opinion is already too much because that is where childhood obesity all gets started. The average child n the United States regularly watches between 2-3 hours of television a day and many children now days have their own television set in their bedroom. Not only are children inactive while they are watching television, they often snack on unhealthy food choices. And like I said, establishing unhealthy food habits as a child can often continue into adulthood. Investi gators have hypothesized that television viewing cause’s obesity by one or more of three mechanisms: (1) displacement of physical activity, (2) increased calorie consumption while watching or caused by the effects of advertising, and (3) reduced resting metabolism. The relationship between television viewing and obesity has been examined in a relatively large number of cross-sectional epidemiologic studies but few longitudinal studies. Many of these studies have found relatively weak, positive associations, but others have found no associations or mixed results; however, the weak and variable associations found in these studies may be the result of limitations in measurement. Even studies for reducing the amount of television intake have been completed. They do not test â€Å"reducing television time† directly, but the results that they get may help to reduce the amount of risk for obesity or help promote weight loss in obese children. â€Å"An experimental study was designed specifically to test directly the causal relationship between television viewing behaviors and body fatness. The results of this randomized, controlled trial provide evidence that television viewing is a cause of increased body fatness and that reducing television viewing is a promising strategy for preventing childhood obesity. † I really think parents need to take a stand to their children by limiting the amount of time they spend in front of the television, before it gets too late and they have an obese child. Removing televisions from children’s bedrooms and putting time limits on the TV may be a good way for parents to reduce the risk of obesity in children. Parents must serve as role models because their television viewing habits influence their children’s. Parents should also limit the frequency of television viewing. Overweight and obese children need to be encouraged to do more physical activity such as walking, playing and limiting their television time. Children may also need structured physical activity times to divert them away from television. â€Å"Although the increase in childhood obesity is not caused solely by television watching, Dr. Reginald Washington points out in the editorial that accompanies the articles, Society, as a whole, must realize that to effectively control and prevent this obesity epidemic, all risk factors must simultaneously be reduced. A study by the University of Liverpool psychologists has shown that it is to be true that obese and overweight children increase their food intake by more than 100% after watching food advertisements on television. Children all over the world are exposed to a huge number of TV advertisements, primarily for fast foods and sweets. Some say that it is not the amount of TV; it is the number of junk food commercials that advertise unhealthy foods and constantly play over and over. It is miserable that people blame television as a result to childhood obesity but the United States is starting to get very lazy when it comes to situations like this, therefore I truly believe TV is one of the dominate reasons of why children are becoming obese. I feel like this impact has been mainly negative on American culture. Television advertisers get talked down to by research groups, wanting them to take away all the unhealthy food commercials. Childhood obesity coming from television watchers makes American culture look very bad. When you find out that all it takes is television sets in a kids bedroom and high-quality shows that make children sit, stare and snack to become obese. It really puts a depressing look on America. In my opinion it is a very negative result because it used to not be this way at all. The parents and children put themselves in the situation to becoming obese and television just is an excuse for whenever they actually are obese. I know I will never let my children or close friends get this way due to excess amount of television watching. I have time to watch all my shows I like during the day and still get a good exercise in. I believe that all people can watch their weight and not become obese if they really try. So I really hope the culture changes and fix its look on television with obesity. I do believe that the internet will be used more wisely than television as a medium for delivering content. Television is an older and dull way of showing and sharing shows, movies and advertisements, while now days the nternet can do the same plus a whole lot more. Internet is a lot easier to get to because so many people have smart phones or laptops to be able to quickly access it. I feel like even now I start to see more and more people of all ages on their laptop/computer/smart phone rather than sitting down and watching television shows. Internet is a new (compared to TV) and entertaining way to access World Wide Web. News and broadcast stations are all starting to put their information and ideas on the internet even before they send them to television. While putting the internet into question about my topic, as much as I hate seeing younger kids run around with their own smart phone and/or laptop, it would really help society. Internet will help a lot more in this situation because children that do have smart phones will be able to play outside and exercise with their phone in hand. If the kids do go outside while on their phone it will stop them from sitting in front of a television set, sitting, staring and snacking. Therefore, it will lower the childhood obesity rate in the United States. Childhood obesity is a very heartbreaking yet occurring thing that television influenced and started in the U. S. It has been a very big impact on television and American Culture. After all, we are all hoping and praying that parents help their children get back to how it was back in the day. Have the children exercising, playing outside, and getting involved in sports that way they only spend approximately one hour watching television. We have to lower the childhood obesity rate and will continue to try and stop every way that is involved in it.

Concept of perceived effective leadership

Concept of perceived effective leadership The literature review will focus on two dimensions of literature. The first is to look at the kind of leadership that is termed as effective by looking at numerous definition of leadership and the conceptualization of leader effectiveness done by previous studies as well as conceptualization by Kouzes and Posner (2002) in which he measured effective leadership using his Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI). The second is to look at the definition of integrity and how it is conceptualized and measured from the perspective of leadership. To this, the author wishes to use the Perceived Leader Integrity Scale (PLIS) developed by Craig and Gustafson (1998) as previous studies indicated that it is one of the reliable ways to measure integrity from perspective of leadership. Having the two components of this study defined, this paper also attempted to explain the theory underlying the relationship between the two components based on previous studies. This chapter critically and selectively reviews the concept of perceived effective leadership and perceived integrity in leadership and their relationship from published journals and articles. The author believes that this could be useful for understanding and the development of theoretical models. 2.2. Effective leadership As public organizations are facing an increasingly complex environment due to globalization, advancement in technology and communication, more diverse workforce, the need to meet and satisfy citizens and customers satisfaction through high-quality services, the outcry for effective leadership in public organizations has become crystal-clear though it has been contended that effective leaders with integrity are often lacking in organizations (Haberfeld, 2006; Rowe, 2006) to bring the desired impact. Previous research indicated that leadership is a complex process and leadership theories have been defined and developed substantially over the last decades and as claimed by Bennis and Nanus (1985) cited in Olu Oyinlade (2006) that leadership had been defined by researchers in over 350 different ways in the 30 years prior to 1985. This was also agreed by Bass in 1990 who stated that there seems to be many definitions of leadership than the number of researchers striving to study the concept. According to Conger (1992) also cited in Olu Oyinlade that so far there is no single agreed-upon definition as leadership is largely an intuitive concept and this is agreed by Bennis (2007) that recent research suggests there is no one-size-fits-all approach to leadership. The most common so far of leadership theories are the traits theory, behavioural theory, contingency theory, and leader-member exchange (LMX), the transformational and transactional theory. Due to the vast definitions of leade rship, Bass (1990) cited in Schafer (2009) hinted and pinpointed some common unifying theory implying that leadership is the persuasive power and ability to influence group of people or individuals or other behaviours in an coordinated manner to achieve some pre-determined goal. Kouzes and Posner (2004) defined leadership by their followers and it involves a relationship between those who want to lead and those who choose to follow. They suggested that any discussion of leadership should follow this norm of relationship. Kouzes and Posners assertion for leaders and followers relationship is based on followers perception and they normally depend upon leaders for collective success. Thus, the implication to follow good leaders is high and to follow bad leaders is too costly as it cannot be denied that some leaders are often tempted and lured to manipulate their position for personal gain (Van Vugt et al., 2008). Previous studies on followers assessment of leadership focused on the behaviours associated with effective leadership and past findings also indicated that dimensions of what they call as effective leadership vary from instrument to instrument of research. To this, prior study by Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002) in citing Bass (1985) in their study on Perceived integrity of transformational leaders in organisational settings suggested that effective leadership can be related to transformational leadership behaviours of idealized influence, inspiring motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration which are very much admired and could become respected role-model. The researchers used Perceived Leader Integrity Scale (PLIS) by Craig and Gustafson (1989) to measure leaders integrity and Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) developed by Bass (1985) to measure transformational leadership involving a sample 1,354 out of 6,025 managers throughout New Zealand and fou nd a strong positive relationship between perceived integrity and demonstration of transformational leadership behaviours. However, this study will not apply the MLQ as an instrument to measure effective leadership as it is criticised on the ground that it lacks ability to measure accurately and distinguish the four dimensions of transformational leadership from one another (Bycio, Hackett Allen, 1995; Tepper and Percy, 1994; Tracey Hinkin, 1998; Yammarino Dubinsky, 1994) although it has been widely used in many investigations of transformational and transactional leadership (Den Hartog, Van Muijen Koopman , 1997). Some theorists also raised questions regarding the notion that transformational leadership may not necessarily lead followers to higher ethical ground but instead may lead to unethical and immoral direction (Giampetro, Brown, Browne Kubasek, 1998; Yukl, 1998) as cited in Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002). This has given rise to another dimension of transformational leadership in what Bass and Steidlmeier (1999) called as authentic which refers to real ethical leader and pseudo-transformational which is unlikely to be ethical leader. This notion of transformational leader related to effective leadership will not be applied in this study as some researcher like Ciulla (1995) raised the issue of Hitler problem who argued that Hitler must not be in the same category as Martin Luther King, Jr. though the Nazis during his time might have treated him to be effective and transformational. The idea of charismatic leadership too will not be related to effective leadership in this study although Conger and Kanungo (1998) described charismatic leaders to possess all the qualities of vision, drive, passion and ability of leaders to inspire their followers into action. But Bass (1985) argued that charismatic leaders often lead to dictatorship than real leaders with inclusion of qualities such as narcissism, manipulation of people and defensiveness in the example such as Hitler and Mussolini. To this, Kouzes and Posner (1988) came up with their Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) to conceptualize leadership behaviours associated with leader effectiveness based on five dimensions of practices: Modelling the Way, Inspiring a Shared Vision, Challenging the Process, Enabling Others to Act, and Encouraging the Heart. The construction of LPI is although not designed for transformational or transactional leadership styles, but the instruments contents of different scales may from subordinates point of view contains elements of transformational and transactional leadership styles (Fields Herold, 1997). Other studies indicated an increase in perception of effective leadership can lead to an increase in subordinate and organizational effectiveness. To this, researchers like Jaussi and Dionne (2004) in their study on Unconventional leader behaviour, subordinate satisfaction, effort and perception of leader effectiveness cited Bass (1990) claimed that an increased in perception of leader effectiveness can lead to elevated subordinate performance which in turn can enhance organizational effectiveness as one the three outcomes documented in previous leadership literature. As there are too many literatures associated with effective leadership, this paper only attempted to use the term effective leadership as derived by Kouzes and Posner (2002) through his Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) and the dimensions that articulate and explain effective leadership. The reason as to why practices are selected rather than traits and characteristics of leadership is based on the understanding of leaders behaviour through the role theory that can provide insight and understanding on how roles and behaviours influence subordinates behaviour. Role has been defined as a socially specified pattern of behaviour that accompanies a particular position within a social context (Deaux Wrightsman, 1988) cited in Huse (1998). In another definition, roles are also the combination of expectations and performances on the part of those who are interacting with each other (Neal, 1983). Hooijberg and Quinn (1992) also stated that in order to increase their effectiveness, leaders may perform and execute variety of leadership roles and practices in the organizational setting. Another reason for the role theory to be accepted and not the traits theory is because previous literatures on the traits theory popularised in 1930s only explained leadership effectiveness by means of natural characteristics, skills and abilities such as self-efficacy, decisiveness, and interpersonal competences to be associated with organizational effectiveness. But this theory has been subjected to criticism on the ground that this theory lacks predictive power in linking leadership traits to performance (Stogdill, 1948). Consequently, in 1940s and 1950s, the leadership behaviour theory was introduced to explain leadership effectiveness based on leaders behaviours and practices they should play to provide new perspective on understanding leadership effectiveness (Steers, Porter Bigley, 1996) cited in Oyinlade (2006). The theory explains that the behaviour of the leader occurs within the context of various roles and practices the leader plays. This further justifies why leadership practices and behaviours are important to influence subordinates behaviour and this also helps to explain that the effectiveness of the leader is influenced by his/her roles obligations and expectations. 2.3. Measurement of effective leadership In a study done in 2008 to more than 1,000 police supervisors attending the FBI National Academy (NA) in Quantico, Virginia which involved 1,042 of the 1,071 (97.3 percent) NA attendees completed all or part of the survey, the survey concluded that efficacy of police chiefs who are effective leaders was most strongly linked with integrity, work ethic, communication, and care for personnel while ineffective leaders were characterized as failing to express these traits or were characterized as suffering from questionable ethics and integrity. The study revealed that 37.5 percent of respondents ranked honesty and integrity as the most important characteristics of an effective leader. The study also acknowledged that development of effective leaders and leadership practices is a persistent problem in policing (Schafer, 2009) A study done in 2008 involving a total of 1,000 high public school teachers in Amman, Jordan which studied the behaviours of their principals using Kouzes and Posners LPI has shown that 550 school teachers represent 55 per cent of the targeted respondents of 1,000 have assessed their principals as moderately practising Kouzes and Posners leadership practices model and identified them as transformational which is also associated with effective leadership (Abu-Tineh et.al. 2008). 2.4. Integrity Integrity is a concept commonly discussed in a formal and informal way and usually associated with leadership and organisational theory, but it is yet to be defined and theoretically understood (Rieke Guastello, 1995) as cited in Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002). Previous definitions on integrity indicated that integrity has been defined in different manner and in different forms due to different lines of research by previous researchers. This was conceded by Hooijberg et.al (2010) that the complexity regarding its meaning and interpretation makes it difficult to be understood. Hence, its broad dimensions had led to many researchers to associate it with ethics, honesty, trust, credibility, and character that have been used and applied interchangeably in many past literatures (Hooijberg et.al., 2010; Becker, 1998; Yukl Van Fleet, 1990); Kouzes and Posner (2002); Ciulla (2004). In 2007 and 2009, Palanski and Yammarino cited in Hooijberg et. al. who successfully found evidence of rela tionship between integrity and honesty also asserted that it involves matching deeds to words, a sense of morality and that it lies in the eyes of the beholder. This was shared by Kirkpartrick and Locke (1991) and Covey (1992) described integrity as walking the talk with no desire other than for the good of others. This was supported by Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman, (1995) by stating that integrity should be more than walk the talk but is associated to an individuals full commitment to underlying principles. For Kolthoff et al. (2010) stated integrity has its foundation in ethics and Lawton (1998) asserted that ethics and integrity encapsulate a code of conduct as basis for actions. Notably some examples of ethics violation in public organizations include lying, cheating, rule-bending, stealing public property, harming others and so on (Ciulla, 2004). For Van der Wal; Huberts; Van Den Heuvel and Kolthoff (2006), they described integrity within organizational context to constitute wholeness and in the Latin word -integritas which means acting according to moral values, norms and rules and which must take place within the context and environment in which one works or operates and accepted by the members of the organisation. For integrity also means trust as Bennis (1989) stated that integrity is the basis of trust and Simons (1999) in asserting that trust of subordinates in leaders behaviours is very important suggested behavioural integrity (BI) rather than self-perceived integrity or any statement on integrity as the main focus research on integrity to describe leaderships style and behaviours as there often mismatch between actual values and enacted values of leaders behaviour. The author duly admits that this has been the common flaw in public service where leaders normally ignore subordinates trust and in many instances they do not need subordinates trust as they probably feel proud to helm public organizations and hence could have acted on their own for selfish gain. It is here that mistrust and dishonesty exist within public organizations and as Kolthoff et al. (2010) pointed out that integrity is affected. Other researchers like Padilla, Hogan, and Kaiser (2007) also believed and argued that the occurrences of corruption, unethical and bad behaviours, mismanagement and so on perpetrated by people in position of power appointed in public organizations can be traced to issues of integrity. That is why integrity must be perceived as a moral courage and the will and willingness public servants ought to do and to go against what is not right and believes to be wrong (Kolade, 1999). How integrity is important for leadership? Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991); Kouzes and Posner (2002) cited in Hooijberg et.al (2010) asserted that integrity is not only good for organizations but also to be an important trait of leaders. Becker (1998) argued that excellent leaders are people viewed and perceived to be high in integrity because they do not want to gain something out of organizational resources for selfish reasons. This is consistent with Badaracco and Ellsworths (1990) notion that leaders with values and integrity normally make decisions in accordance with the enacted values of the organization and for Kouzes and Posner, (2002) added that leaders with integrity would be able to convince followers that they are worth to be followed. While Kanungo and Mendonca (1996) cited in Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002) also stated that integrity in leadership has become an increasing concern for business and organisations. To this, many theorists now believe that leadership without i ntegrity may put the organisations at risk, (Morgan, 1993; Mowday, Porter Steers, 1982; Posner Schmidt, 1984). Perhaps, the most important definition of integrity related to leadership was given by Tan Sri Mohd. Sidek Hassan who is the Chief Secretary to the government of Malaysia in his speech dated 25 Mac 2009 that integrity can be defined as continuous adherence to moral principles, honesty, wholeness, the quality of being unimpaired; soundness. He also reminded civil servants on the need to instil integrity especially on the role of leadership in public institutions in order to deliver high quality of service delivery (http://www.pmo.gov.my/ksn/?frontpage/speech/detail/1512. accessed 5th April 2011). From the so many definitions of integrity mentioned above, it is clear that integrity plays an important role in establishing and maintaining high ethical standards in public organizations but it must start with the top echelon of the organizations which must be perceived to have integrity as without it the whole system and existing reform measures will be meaningless. 2.5. Measurement of integrity Hogan and Kaiser (2010) in their study on How to assess (not to assess) the integrity of managers stated that various attempts have been made in the past to assess and measure integrity in leadership including using the Big Five Personality Theory as researcher like Allport (1937) and other moral philosophers linked leaders integrity to personality and they believed that leaders personality could influence individuals and groups behaviours. To this, measurement of leaders personality using The Big Five Personality theory was a questionable issue related to how sound the integrity test works with leaders (Howard Thomas, 2010) and although it can predict counterproductive work behaviour based on the three dimensions of personality theory: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Emotional Stability; but it does not measure counterproductive behaviours. Another critic for the theory was by Mischel (1977) who suggested that personality is most important in weak situations and of course in s trong situation it could provide solid cues about leaders appropriate behaviour which resulted in peoples supportive actions. Hogan and Kaiser (2010) also stated that another measurement technique linked integrity to leaders competency model theory and by using the data that delivered subordinates ratings of 672 directors and vice presidents employed by a Fortune 500 technology firm in the United States, this method defines integrity as a leadership competency and measures it using co-worker ratings of observed ethical behaviour. The test used 23-items to measure five competencies and integrity is one of them. The result of the competency test found that the behavioural ratings suggested only a negligible proportion of managers may have integrity issues and do not identify leaders with integrity issues as most of the items in the questionnaire only reflect the desirable end of integrity construct. The study also did not differentiate between high and low-performing managers, and hence cannot be used as an appropriate measurement to identify leaders with integrity issues. What have been done by previous measurements only focused on positive behaviours of managers that might not have been able to identify leaders with integrity issues. However, using Craig and Gustafson (1998) measurement technique of Perceived Leader Integrity Scale (PLIS) which focussed on perception of unethical behaviours of leaders using only a short version of 8-items questionnaire survey rather than 32-items, Hogan and Kaiser (2010) in their study using data from 80 employed MBA students at a university in the South-Eastern United States has proven that this technique is a reliable way of assessing leaders with potential integrity issues as correlation and regression analyses using the PLIS suggested that trust and leaders integrity is the primary determinant of employee attitudes and effective leadership perceptions. Apart from using PLIS, Hogan and Kaiser also used Leader Behaviour Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) developed by Stogdill (1963) in the study to assess the leaders effectiveness via two-factor of leaders behaviour, that is, Initiating Structure and Consideration scales (10-items for each scale) and found that PLIS is the strongest predictor of all the three predictors and another result indicated that leader perceived integrity was highly correlated with consideration rather than initiating structure which means leaders need to pay more attention to the needs of the subordinates. So, this study will use the PLIS to measure perceived leaders integrity from subordinates assessment in the focus area, that is, the selected Sabah states agencies in Kota Kinabalu. 2.6. Relationship between effective leadership and perceived integrity Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002) in their study on Perceived Integrity of Transformational Leaders in Organisational Settings involving 1,354 useable samples out of 6,025 managers in private and public organizations throughout New Zealand using both PLIS and MLQ to measure perceived leader integrity and effectiveness respectively found that there was positively significant correlation between leader perceived integrity and a range of leader effectiveness measures in which leader effectiveness was measured with items such as satisfaction with leadership, perceived leader effectiveness, extra efforts from followers and motivation of followers. A study done by Hooijberg et.al in 2010 involving 175 bureau chiefs and directors of a state government agency in the North-eastern USA taking part in a leadership-training program using 20-items survey of Competing Values Framework (CVF) to assess managers effectiveness through eight leadership roles: Producer, Director, Coordinator, Monitor, Mentor, Facilitator, Innovator and as Broker revealed that integrity has an above impact of leadership effectiveness followed by honesty and goal-orientation is the leadership role that bosses highly associated with leaders effectiveness. In addition to the above studies, other past literatures on the study of leadership focussed on the impact of leadership on organization and indicated it was the leaderships role to protect and enhance the invulnerability of public agencies to threats of integrity as suggested by Selznick (1957) that the integrity of the institution is vulnerable to corruption if the leader fails to protect the institutions distinctive values, competence and role. The importance of leaders to demonstrate integrity was also studied by Gray (1985) and Fiedler (1995) as cited in Huse (1998) who argued that leaders will inspire others when they demonstrated integrity. This shows that leadership with integrity is vital to protect organizations vulnerability to corruption as well as to inspire others to behave in a forthright and open-manner and lead the organization into the future which is part of leaders demonstration of integrity. The study by OECD in 2005 on Public Sector Integrity: A Framework for assessment regarding perception of integrity in all its member countries such as Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, Germay, Japan and host of other countries indicated that integrity in public agencies starts at the top and through leaders actions and behaviour. Instilling a culture of integrity has to come from the top such as the senior management, head of department, governing board etc. Leaders in public organizations must keep integrity at the forefront activities so that employees can take their cues and examples from the top. Other research also has shown that supervisors or leaders are the primary influence on the ethical behaviours of their subordinates (Morgan, 1993; Posner Schmidt, 1984). Their contention is based on the belief that as integrity is also about ethical behaviours, this indicates that if leaders exercise ethical behaviour this will lead to larger implications on subordinates behaviours and behaviours of others in the organization. To this, an effective leadership must lead the initiatives to create an atmosphere where individuals in the organization feel safe to move forward to becoming an ideal and competitive organization. But this will depend on the leaderships beliefs in motivation and competitive spirit of all members in the organization on the adherence to values of honesty, ethics, and trust. What is important is a statement by Morgan (1993) who emphasized the ethical leaderships positive impact on organisational effectiveness will result in ethical development which is very important to the leaders success. Morgan also found that followers perception of leaders ethics was positively related to their perceptions of leaders effectiveness. 2.7. Summary of Literature Review Based on the numerous definitions of integrity given by previous researchers such as Becker (1998), integrity is conceptualized as similar to honesty, trust, ethics, matching words with deeds and actions, and a commitment in actions to set of principles and values. In other words, integrity is about something ethical and morality in words and in actions in accordance with existing norms, cultures, values, processes, rules and laws in which managers and leaders in public organizations must adhere to in order to create and maintain public trust. Previous studies indicated that effective leadership can be conceptualized and perceived using Kouzes and Posners (2002) Leadership Practices Inventory or LPI which emphasizes on leadership practices in five dimensions : Inspiring Vision, Model the Way, Challenge the process, Enable others to act and Encourage the heart. Recent study by Abu-Tineh et.al (2008) done in 2008 in Amman, Jordan involving a sample of 550 school teachers resulted in the school teachers assessed their school principals as having practiced Kouzes and Posners leadership practices and has identified them as transformational which is also related to effective leadership. The leaders integrity can be perceived by using Craig and Gustafsons (1998) Perceived Leader Integrity Scale of PLIS in which Parry and Proctor-Thomson in 2002 has conducted a study on a sample of 1,354 private and public managers in New Zealand using PLIS and found a moderate to positive relationship between perceived leader integrity and transformational leadership behaviours measured using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Other previous literatures also pinpointed to the needs for perceived effective leadership to possess moral values such as honesty, trust and ethics or in other words integrity to maintain trust and create followers positive perception of leaders effectiveness and integrity to bring the desired impact to the organizations.